{"id":3793,"date":"2016-08-16T06:26:04","date_gmt":"2016-08-16T10:26:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/policepsychologyblog.com\/?p=3793"},"modified":"2016-08-18T06:29:35","modified_gmt":"2016-08-18T10:29:35","slug":"police-psychology-the-schedule-is-the-key","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/policepsychologyblog.com\/?p=3793","title":{"rendered":"Police Psychology | The Schedule is the Key"},"content":{"rendered":"<body><p><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Police Psychology | The Schedule is the Key<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">by Gary S. Aumiller, Ph.D.\u00a0 ABPP<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">We all like being rewarded for the things we do. I mean, who wouldn\u2019t want a sticker on your chart, or an ice cream cone, or a salary raise, every time you do something good? \u00a0In this article, we are going to <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3796\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/policepsychologyblog.com\/?attachment_id=3796\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/line-chart.jpg?fit=654%2C406&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"654,406\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"line chart\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/line-chart.jpg?fit=614%2C381&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3796 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/line-chart.jpg?resize=300%2C186\" alt=\"line chart\" width=\"300\" height=\"186\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/line-chart.jpg?resize=300%2C186&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/line-chart.jpg?w=654&amp;ssl=1 654w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>explore operant conditioning and how you can get meaning out of it in your job as a first responder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Operant conditioning relies on something called the Law of Effect, which states that a response will increase if followed by a positive consequence and decrease if followed by a negative consequence. Pretty simple!\u00a0 There are two main \u201cconsequences\u201d out there: reinforcement, which is consequences that increase the rate with which you will respond the desired way, and punishment, which are consequences that decrease the rate of responding. \u00a0Both of these include positive (add a stimulus) and negative (remove a stimulus) options, so we really have four possibilities: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. \u00a0We\u2019re going to leave punishment for a later article, let\u2019s deal with just reinforcement.\u00a0 Now how you use reinforcement is the reason that many call it the secret to controlling others?<br>\n<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">To illustrate, let\u2019s say a parent wants their child to clean their room (assuming the child is obviously following through on <a href=\"http:\/\/policepsychologyblog.com\/2015\/03\/27\/therapy-tip-the-principle-of-entropy\/\">entropy<\/a> and letting their life reach a disorganized state). They can say they will give the child 50 cents for every toy they pick up (positive reinforcement\u2014the addition of a stimulus increases the behavior), or they can keep nagging the child to clean the room, and so the kids clean the room just to shut the parents up (negative reinforcement\u2014the removal of a stimulus increases the behavior). Now once the room is clean, the parents don\u2019t want the room to get messy again so they could spank the child every time they leave toys out (positive punishment\u2014the addition of a stimulus to decrease behavior, (and these politically correct days line you up for a Child Protective Service violation), or they could take away their child\u2019s phone or computer if they leave their room a mess (negative punishment\u2014removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior) which also leaves you open for some positive punishment that only an unhappy child can wreak on a parent.\u00a0 Now that\u2019s the basics, let\u2019s go further to find the utility for a first responder\u2026.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Schedule of Reinforcement<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Schedules of reinforcement can really help automate positive behavior. There are two main schedules of reinforcement. The first one is continuous reinforcement, where you reward someone every single time they do the desired activity. This is real good for starting a behavior or a habit.\u00a0 For example, if you are trying to establish a source for information, an informant, you might want to reward him each and every time he gives you something at first.\u00a0 This gets him knowing that if he is going to give you good information, you will give him something.\u00a0 Once the behavior is established you move him to a different kind of schedule.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">The other schedule of reinforcement is intermittent reinforcement. There are four further schedules of intermittent reinforcement. Fixed-ratio is when the number of responses needed to receive reinforcement stays the same. This could mean rewarding someone every time they write ten tickets or catch five DWI\u2019s.\u00a0 Fixed-interval is when the <em>time<\/em> to receive reinforcement stays the same after a fixed period. For example, you reward after 5 days on task with looking for DWI\u2019s. \u00a0Variable-ratio is when the number of responses needed to receive reinforcement changes, but will average out overall. A classic example of this is a slot machine\u2014you never know when you will be rewarded, but it is dependant on your input (pulling the lever), and there will always be a winner after an average number of pulls. This is the most powerful schedule of reinforcement because it gives people the illusion of control, when in fact it is really variable. I know I keep telling people <a href=\"http:\/\/policepsychologyblog.com\/2015\/04\/16\/therapy-tips-may-10-2011\/\">bad luck is random<\/a> and will always turn around, but the house always wins in this case. The last schedule of reinforcement is variable-interval. This is when the time to receive reinforcement changes, but will average out in the end. This is seen when you check for mail delivery every day, or when you bake cookies: on average it comes or is ready after a certain time, but each day it will be slightly different.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">The problem with variable schedules of reinforcement is if the period of time is too long between when a person does the act and gets a reinforcement it doesn\u2019t work anymore.\u00a0 This is the problem a lot of bosses have.\u00a0 They concentrate so often on clearing things up that need to be fixed, they forget to give positive feedback and all the reinforcement chains that they have established are broken.\u00a0 So essentially they don\u2019t have any influence over the people that work under them, then they complain that people aren\u2019t doing their job.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Reinforcement in Your Life<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Now the most powerful of all the schedules is the variable ratio. \u00a0If we are playing golf, or any other sport, and we get a few good shots, we become encouraged to keep playing because, though we don\u2019t know when we will get another perfect shot, we know it\u2019ll come eventually if we keep playing. This is using a variable-ratio schedule to reinforce our own behavior!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">My brother is a contester.\u00a0 He enters ten to fifteen contests a day, and yeah he wins occasionally, actually often.\u00a0 Christmas at the Aumiller\u2019s is a testament to his winnings as trampolines appear coming from his contests, to IPAD, IPODS, trips to where ever, and he even called me up once and asked if I wanted to play drums on stage with Shania Twain, yes somehow he won a chance to be on stage with Shania Twain in her sexy loveliness.\u00a0 Despite being single at the time, I didn\u2019t go because of another commitment, but I <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">fantasized<\/span> uh, thought about it.\u00a0 I also thought being an older man onstage with Shania Twain would not be the best thing for me.\u00a0 My brother won in one of the first few contests he entered, and started filling out contest submission after contest submission, which of course gave him more wins.\u00a0 If he hadn\u2019t won for his first three or four years, he may have quit, but he won and so started the cycle of filling in 3 x 5 cards for contests.\u00a0 That is a perfect model for you in making better cops, or firemen or psychologists.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">So here\u2019s the key or tip I will give you today.\u00a0 Whether you are starting a task force, trying to increase productivity, or starting a brain trust, start with a continuous reinforcement.\u00a0 Compliment each and every new idea, or arrest, or increase over what you had in the past.\u00a0 After that, reinforce on a time schedule.\u00a0 Tell the guys or girls they did a good job last week, or last ten days.\u00a0 Buy the staff a meal after a week of good work.\u00a0 That will encourage those who are not doing their share to maybe pick it up a little.\u00a0 Finally, go on to giving out rewards for a certain number of arrests, or a certain amount of productivity or a certain quality to their thoughts, just make sure the number is unknown to the people getting the rewards.\u00a0 Vary it so they never know when they will get the rewards.\u00a0 You have created the perfect situation for getting what you want from your staff.\u00a0 Now just maintain them on an occasional variable rate reward schedule and you are there.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">So my brother won an all-expenses paid trip to Berlin, staying at the best hotel in the city.\u00a0 He won a chance to have a cooking lesson with Paula Dean before she was tainted, and he is constantly winning awards show tickets.\u00a0 Last Christmas my wife got a Kindle, my kid got a bunch of games and teddy bears and things that made her happy, and I got a plastic \u201cplay-golf-on-the-toilet set\u201d with a putter and plastic balls to hit while answering nature\u2019s call.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">The morale to the story: \u201cNever turn down Shania Twain or you could be left with toilet golf.\u201d\u00a0 I\u2019ll have to remember that one.<br>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Site Editor:\u00a0 <em>Gary S. Aumiller, Ph.D. ABPP<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><em>Please share this article from down below.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><em>Please join the email list on the top of the sidebar and you can get these sent to your email.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><em>Come back regularly for more updated articles on police psychology<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px\/20px 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c no-repeat scroll 3px 50% \/ 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 0.85; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 247px; left: 589px;\">Save<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px\/20px 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c no-repeat scroll 3px 50% \/ 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 0.85; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; top: 247px; left: 589px;\">Save<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"border-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font: bold 11px\/20px 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background: #bd081c no-repeat scroll 3px 50% \/ 14px 14px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer;\">Save<\/span><\/p>\n<\/body>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Police Psychology | The Schedule is the Key by Gary S. Aumiller, Ph.D.\u00a0 ABPP \u00a0 We all like being rewarded for the things we do. I mean, who wouldn\u2019t want a sticker on your chart, or an ice cream cone, or a salary raise, every time you do something good? \u00a0In this article, we are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17168880],"tags":[17168797,17168831,17168941],"class_list":["post-3793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-effort","tag-police-psychology","tag-police-stress","tag-schedules-of-reinforcement"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":471,"url":"https:\/\/policepsychologyblog.com\/?p=471","url_meta":{"origin":3793,"position":0},"title":"Police Psychology | Can&#8217;t Take My Mind Off of You","author":"Gary Aumiller","date":"July 18, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Police Psychology | Can't Take My Mind Off of You \u00a0 Police psychology deals with a lot of obsession. 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Where is it? \u00a0Wait there\u2019s some cheese. \u00a0I could eat this cheese instead. \u00a0Where\u2019s the knife? \u00a0Hell I don\u2019t need a knife, I could eat the whole chunk\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Police Stress&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Police Stress","link":"https:\/\/policepsychologyblog.com\/?cat=17168885"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drinking-cop.png?fit=1062%2C814&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drinking-cop.png?fit=1062%2C814&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drinking-cop.png?fit=1062%2C814&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drinking-cop.png?fit=1062%2C814&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/policepsychologyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drinking-cop.png?fit=1062%2C814&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":426,"url":"https:\/\/policepsychologyblog.com\/?p=426","url_meta":{"origin":3793,"position":3},"title":"Police Psychology | How to Create Focus","author":"Gary Aumiller","date":"June 18, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Police Psychology:\u00a0 How to Create Focus \u00a0 In police psychology losing focus can be a life or death situation for a police officer. \u00a0Focus is thus extremely important for police psychology and dealing with police stress. 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